Windmills of Québec III: Moulin á Pointe de la Chevelure, Fort Saint-Frederic

This is the windmill we will never see because it no longer exists.  To imagine this windmill, you must first remember Lake Champlain and the lands surrounding it were part of the French Québec colony before the Seven Years War and not British. This windmill was designed by Gaspard Joseph Chaussegros de Léry and constructed at Pointe de la Chevelure, the site of the French colony at Fort Saint-Frederic, present day Crown Point, New York.

(click on image to enlarge)

Theodore G. Corbett  in A Clash of Cultures on the Warpath of Nations writes : "The king's engineer also designed an elaborate stone windmill to the south of St. Frederic along the lakeshore.  Constructed in 1739 at the king's expense, it was aimed at encouraging the settlement by providing a means to grind grain.  Operating with a mill stone imported from France, here was an indication that the Pointe was to be a permanent agricultural community.  A decade later, this goal was modified as the mill also served as a defensive purpose with five or six swivels mounted on it.  A wooden wharf completed the complex, serving schooners and bateaux that plied the lake". Pages 177-176.

When I last toured the site, I recall the guide told us the windmill was located close to the present day Champlain Memorial off the campground at Crown Point. See the Google location below for the approximate siting of the windmill!

Images of Crown Point on Lake Champlain circa 1900

Dorothy Wills Mylott, who lived most of her life in the Hudson-Mohawk Industrial area, bought these photographs of Crown Point at an auction in 1990.  I wonder if she realized Crown Point was a central place in her family's history.  Her French Canadian ancestor, Joseph Payant sailed Lake Champlain from Fort St Frederic (later known as Crown Point) to Ile aux Noix.  Her French Canadian grandfather, Jacques Beauvais, fought in the Seven Years War to keep it in the French domain. Her Cornish grandfather worked many years in the mines of Port Henry over in the hills beyond the lake shore. 

Cat and Mouse on Lake Champlain: "Admiral" Joseph Payant dit Saintonge & his role in the French and Indian War

Early 20th century postcard of Fort Lennox

Present Day site of Fort Lennox on Ile aux Noix
Parks Canada

Joseph Payant dit St Onge is called the Admiral of Lake Champlain  (L'Admiral du Lac Champlain) and he is a direct ancestor of many in Canada and the USA, including the Wills-Beauvais family of this blog.  If a Bissonnette/Bisnett of Cohoes was your grandparent, great grandparent, etc  (Joseph, Alfred, Elizabeth) then you are a descendant of Joseph Payant.  Thousands of people can claim "Admiral Joe" their ancestor!


Our line (Wills) is simply this:

• Nine (9) Wills children (Celena, Julia, Anna, Johnny, Elizabeth, Dorothy, Etta, Larry, Robert) whose mother was
• Elizabeth Bissonnette (1880-1936) who married John Wills, and was the daughter of
• Celena Beauvais (1850-1942), the daughter
• Adele Guais dit Castonguais (abt 1824-?), the daughter of
• Marie Angelique Delmas (1792-1855), the daughter of
• Marie Louise Allaire (1768-?), the daughter of
• Marie Louise Payant dit St Onge (1747-?), daughter of
• Dominique Payant (1724- 1778), son of
• Joseph Payant dit St Onge (1700-1783), the "Admiral of Lake Champlain"

The early 20th century entrance to Fort Lennox

To understand the role of Joseph Payant on Lake Champlain and also in the French and Indian War, it's necessary to know about his background. He was born in Québec City in 1700. His mother died when he was ten years old but his father, a shoemaker, quickly remarried. Joseph was not left motherless. As a young man he learned to pilot and navigate on the St Lawrence River.  Married at 21,  he had a wife, family, home on Rue St Flavian in Québec and a blacksmith shop where he worked in winters.  In spring when the ice on the river opened up, Joseph kissed his wife and children "adieu" was off to the Champlain Valley where he piloted ships along the Richelieu and Champlain: Fort Frederic, Ile aux Noix, Fort Chambly and probably Fort Carillon too. The ships, built in St Jean, carried troops and supplies from Montreal and Chambly to the forts south and back again. When the Swedish naturalist, Pehr Kalm, traveled in Lake Champlain region, it was  Joseph Payant who escorted him.  It is said Joseph transported General Montcalm from Carillon to points north after Montcalm's victory becoming well acquainted.  Later, one of Joseph's grandsons was named Montcalm in honor of the general.  Dominique, Joseph's son and our ancestor, was listed as a sailor with his father on Lake Champlain and married Marie Louise Laporte in St Joseph's Church in Chambly.  Their marriage contract stated Dominique owned land on Lake Champlain in the area across from Ile aux Noix close to where Lake Champlain enters the Richelieu River.

In the midst of the French and Indian War, after the French abandoned Fort Frederic to the English, Joseph Payant continued to pilot a schooner with eight cannons named La Vigilante on the waters of Champlain.   Payant was not the commander of the French fleet on the lake, that honor was held by Joannis-Galand d'Olabaratz, a commissioned naval officer. The English fleet was commanded by Captain Joshua Loring.  For several weeks that autumn, while Amherst was rebuilding and enlarging the  fort at Crown Point the English and French fleets played deadly serious games of chase on the lake.

Russel Bellico on page 100 of Sails and Steam in the Mountains (revised edition 2001: Purple Mountain Press) writes about a particular event on October 12th, 1759...

"On the first night, Loring with the brig and sloop had sailed past the three French sloops at Four Brothers Islands, commanded by Joannis Galand d'Olabaratz. The schooner La Vigilante , commanded by Joseph Payant St. Onge, was stationed further north on the lake near Grand Isle.  At daybreak on October 12th, Loring observed the French schooner apparently moving toward the two British ships.  The Vigilante fired and the Cumberland and Boscawen (the English boats) gave chase, whereupon the French schooner  maneuvered into the shallow water between the Sisters Islands (Bixby and Young Island) on the west side of South Hero Island.  The experienced French pilot (Payant) had drawn the British vessels into a trap, with both British ships running aground.  The Boscawen got off the shoal easily but the Cumberland was forced to take eight canon and all the troops off to lighten the vessel.  By the time the British were free of the shoal, the Vigilante was long gone."

After the British recovered they did force d'Olabaratz to scuttle and abandon three importance French vessels.  Over nine days, the French naval crew hike overland back to the fort on Ile aux Noix where they met an infuriated commander Bourlamague.  Bellico goes on to describe what happened next:

"La Vigilante, at the same time, had hidden in the lee of Isle La Motte.  The old lake pilot (Payant) brought his vessel into Bourlamaque's headquarters on October 16 to the wonder of the garrison, whose men thought the ship had been captured."

The area where Payant set the trap is a blue shaded triangle on the Google map below....

View Bixby & Young Islands in a larger map

and also here

For the winter and spring, the French maintained control of the fort at Ile aux Noix, while in Quebec, St Lawrence Valley and forts west, the French colony was being overwhelmed by the British. In spring, Amherst sent Robert Rogers and his rangers to raid Fort St. Jean and Fort Chambly on the Richelieu, the source of French supplies.  In the summer of 1760, the naval war games on the lake resumed until finally in August the final actions occurred in the shallow waters around Ile aux Noix.  The British forces under Brigadier General Haviland set up an offensive position on the shores southeast of Ile aux Noix erecting cannons and mortars.  Bellico describes on the morning of August 17th, a terrible scene where English crew had their legs blown off and the captain died. Then there were more casualties.  Robert Rogers dragged a howitzer and a cannon to the shore  northwest of the island.  The French ships, including  the Vigilante were separated from the French fort. Cannons fired upon the remaining French fleet with Rogers pushing forward to prevent the Vigilante from reaching open waters eventually causing the Payant's schooner to run aground in the shallow waters.  It signaled the end of the French in the Champlain Valley.

Ile aux Noix in the middle of the Richelieu River
Just a few miles north of the the Québec-New York Border

Joseph Payant dit St Onge survived the battles on Lake Champlain retiring to Chambly in the aftermath of the war.  His children and grandchildren flourished in the Richelieu Valley and many of his descendants emigrated to the lands south of the lake he once bravely sailed and defended.

click on image to enlarge and read

The calm waters around Ile aux Noix, September 2010

Bibliography:

Joseph Payant dit Saintonge: THE ADMIRAL OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. Manchester, New Hamphire: American Candian Genelaogogical Society. ACGS bulletin, #108, Volume 32, Number 2, 2006, ISSN 1076-3902.

Sails and Steam in the Mountains. Russell Bellico. Fleischmans, NY: Purple Mountain Press. 2001.

Journey's Taken. William Kane .  Tempe, Arizona: Crownest Press. 2002.

Chroniques du Haut-Richelieu III, L'Admiral du Lac Champlain. Phillippe Demers. Montreal: G. Ducharme. 1929.

"Echos de la Nouvelle France. L'Admiral du Lac Champlain". Pierre Biron. 

http://www.centpapiers.com/lamiral-du-lac-champlain/58398. Accessed February 18, 2011.

Fort St Frederic at Crown Point

If you walk amidst the ruins of Fort St Frederic today, you must carry your imagination every step of the way.  It is a wonderful way to remember the activities and the goings on in the vicinity.  Stay walking within the boundary of the French fort.  Don't go ramble over the the larger structure built by Jeffery Amherst a few yards to the northwest.  That structure is called Crown Point and it didn't exist in 1740 or in 1750.  There was just Fort St Frederic and a lively place it was.

Guy Omeron Coolidge in French Occupation of the Champlain Valley from 1609 to 1759 stated the French occupied this spot, called Pointe a la Chevelure from 1700 and used it for commerce for English goods.  Theodore G. Corbett writing in A Clash of Cultures on the Warpath of Nations: the Colonial Wars in the Hudson Champlain Valleys (Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press, 2002.) describes the fort and ancillary structures, built in 1731, that made Fort St Frederic on the Pointe a la Chevelure a grand site in the wilderness and a permanent one at that. There was a chapel, barracks, a bakehouse, a storehouse and a windmill to grind grain raised by soldiers in nearby fields and the very French style blockhouse.  Soldiers were able to marry there and raise children who were baptized in the church registers.  Most of all Fort St Frederic was a culturally diversified community as natives, Dutch, English and French, freeman, captives, slaves all passed through, traded, or were traded! Goods were exchanged as soldiers, soldier-farmers, praying Indians (Mohican), Abenaki allies, Iroquois enemies, English captives, colonial militias, Hudson Valley Dutch middleman, African American slaves all moved in and out of Fort St Frederic on their way to other destinations like Albany, Montréal, Fort Number Four, Québec City or Boston.  It was the departure point for French raids into colonial New England as well as the target of New York and Massachusetts colonial government plans to destroy it.  In contemporary jargon, it was a "hopping place". 

When you walk around these ruins, imagine!

Imagine this! A busy trading center with visitors coming and going

The plan of the fort with the blockhouse in the northeast corner

Looking northwest to present day Port Henry from Point la Chevelure

In 1759, as the French were losing their power in the Champlain Valley, the French troops did abandon Fort St Frederic but they did not leave it intact for the English to benefit.  Instead the French troops blow it up...

Abandonment of Fort St Frederic by Dahl Taylor
as displayed in the Visitor's Center at Crown Point

Here is a list of stories on this blog about the forts in the Champlain-Richelieu Valleys:

Forts of Our Forefathers in the Champlain-Richelieu Valleys

Fort Chambly

Fort St Therese

Hunting for Fort St Therese

Fort St Frederic at Crown Point

Fort Carillon

Battle of Fort Carillon